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...write a short description of the kinds of features you can see on Europa's surface, noting for example relative brightness and characteristic shapes or textures. Concentrate on a simple description of appearance; we do not expect you to explain the origin or precise nature of what you can see. (b) Try to deduce the relative ages of the features you have described. Answer...

...writing Using the values L = 1038 W and c = 3 × 108 m s−1, we get Q = 1022 kg s−1. Converting this into solar masses per year using 1M⊙ ≈ 2 × 1030 kg and 1 year ≈ 3 × 107 s, we get Q ≈ 0.2M⊙ per year. Is there a large enough supply of matter for a fraction of a solar mass to be accreted every year? Most astronomers think that the answer is yes, and that...

...writing (2009), 20 p/litre less than that on ultra-low sulphur petrol. A recent review has shown that biofuel production is a high-cost process overall; only the production of bioethanol from sugar cane was considered to be cost-effective. If, however, the price of crude oil rises then biofuels may start to become more competitive, although this would depend on...

...write normal cap omega sub normal cap lamda equals 0.70 . [Described image] Figure 5 The matter and energy content of (a) the present day Universe, and (b) the early Universe, soon after the big bang As Figure 5 shows, the proportions of baryonic matter, dark matter and dark energy in the Universe were quite different soon after the big bang at the time when the Cosmic...