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...solid or can incorporate holes by the use of port-hole dies. [Diagram to demonstrate 'Hot extrusion' - see article] Stiffening ribs, flanges, fixing and locating slots, channels, grooves, fins and lugs can be designed in soft metals, to virtually eliminate all machining operations. Close tolerances can be achieved in the soft metals, ranging from 0.16 mm on 10 mm diameter...

...solid zinc stearate lubricant to steel. Cold compaction die cavities are hopper-fed, by gravity, using volume control by sweep back of the feedshoe. Powder blends are cold compacted at pressures of 230–620 MPa in totally enclosed dies to densities of 65–85% at production rates of 100–300 parts h-1. Hydraulic presses with double action from top and bottom are best,...

...solid density. [Diagrams to demonstrate 'Powder forging/Hot pressing' - see article ] Manufacture: Pre-alloyed atomised powders with low oxygen content and low non-metallic contents are preferred. Powder properties such as particular size range, apparent density and flow rate need to be closely controlled for consistency. Powder is accurately metered into the cold...

...solid discs, rods or cylinders of coating material with ions. All techniques can be used for the direct deposition of material or for “reactive” use, in which a reaction occurs in the vapour/plasma phase, between atoms of the coating material and reactive gases. Workpiece (substrate) temperature depends on the materials and properties required, but is typically in the...