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...careful not to see the distinction between the two approaches as binary, or as mutually exclusive. Indeed, research might draw on aspects of both frameworks, adopting more ‘middle-ground’ approaches. Scholars adopting neoclassical realism, Critical Theory, or constructivism, for instance, might draw on both positivist traditions that emphasise the material and the...

...care, unemployment benefits are a substitute for private insurance, publicly funded schools and universities are substitutes for private education, and so on. If the government increases spending on these types of items, then consumers will cut back on the amount that they spend privately on similar items. Keynes offered an explanation of how government borrowing to fund...