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...changes. Typical examples are Ti-6Al-4V, 900˚C; Al-7.5Si-0.5Mg, 500˚C; Fe-16.5Cr-4.5Ni-4Cu, 1200˚C. Times at temperature vary with component size, material and pressure, but are of the order of 1–4 h. Pressurising medium is a high purity inert gas, usually argon, which is cleaned and re-used. Cooling is by means of internal heat exchangers and takes approximately 1 h...

...change the world. One school, modernism, laid the foundation for machine-inspired design. Protest, provocation and social responsibility: Gerrit Rietveld’s Crate Chair Designs don’t just have utilitarian or aesthetic functions they can also have economic, social and political ones. Here Emma Curtis, of the Design Museum, discusses examples of designs that are driven...

...change in occupational and social practices requires continual relearning and new learning for most adults, including those with higher education. Detailed knowledge in many disciplines has a very limited 'shelf life' and thus it is much more important to leave initial and higher education equipped with the ability to learn new knowledge and skills when required. A recent...