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...them, and this might have been one of the first things you spotted when taking a careful look at the photograph. These lines define sedimentary layers or strata, so we are dealing with sedimentary rocks. In the rocks forming most of the vertical cliff face, the layers are horizontal, whereas in the white rocks of the foreground the layers are inclined to the right. They are like a tilted stack of books. In this case the......

...careful consideration. A lower alpha level (e.g., 0.01) makes it harder to reject the null hypothesis, reducing the risk of false positives but potentially missing real effects. A higher alpha level (e.g., 0.10) makes it easier to reject the null hypothesis, potentially detecting more real effects but also increasing the risk of false positives. The significance level...