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...research into potential tailor-made treatments for specific infections. By the early twentieth century, efforts to tackle infectious diseases were focused on finding drugs that killed the bacterial pathogen without harming the patient – so-called ‘magic bullets’. Alexander Fleming’s chance discovery in 1928 of the first antibiotic – penicillin – paved the way...

...research networks or defence procurement cooperation, but not to unilaterally opt out of regional funds which help the poorest regions of Europe or to opt out of the bits of product standards linked to the single market that the UK does not like. In the next few years, flexible integration will undoubtedly become a key focus for the EU. If the EU is to survive, its policy...