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...Carbon, high speed steel and abrasive or diamond coated bands are available. Several variations of bandsawing: High speed sawing: 600–1800 m min-1. Friction sawing: 450–6000 m min-1; metal softened by local heat generation. Electro-band machining: low voltage, high current across workpiece and blade causes arcing which melts metal. Blade does not touch workpiece....

...carbon fibre: 385 mm min-1 6.25 mm titanium: 125 mm min-1 13 mm mild steel: 200 mm min-1 6 mm glass: 150 mm min-1 Process has the advantage of low noise with no fumes or dust, and can be used safely in explosive environments such as the oil and mining industries. Materials: Almost any material from soft, ductile materials to high tensile alloys can be cut, providing it is...

...carbonates – and now I’m moving on to look at organic (compounds that contain carbon) materials. The Cassini mission in 2008 detected some very simple organic compounds on Enceladus. Starting with them, I’m trying to understand what more complex compounds might be created in the temperature and pressure conditions of the ocean floor of Enceladus. Specifically, I’m...

...carbon dioxide on the moon’s ice surface, within a region of chaos terrain. This carbon dioxide is proposed to have originated from the ocean beneath. Carbon is one of the bioessential elements for life, making astrobiologists even more excited to learn more about Europa. In the coming years, data returned from ESA’s JUICE and NASA’s Europa Clipper missions will be...

...carbon dioxide ice, but salts such as magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride (common salt) have also been detected. Assuming these salts and the ice crust formed by freezing of the underlying ocean, this would suggest that magnesium, sulfur, sodium, carbon and chlorine are all present in Europa’s ocean. However, it is unclear from...