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...think this has been particularly problematic in terms of scientific integrity or research quality? Elisabeth: Yes, I do. In light of the pandemic, many scientific journals have shortened the peer-review process, to make new studies more rapidly available. Normally, it might take weeks or months before a paper passes peer-review, but many recently published papers on...

...system and details of when the observation was made, is typically stored within the image file as metadata. We need to employ careful methods to make measurements from images such as Figure 1 if we are to make reliable inferences about stars and galaxies. In this section, you will examine how these measurements are made, and what they can tell us...Astronomy: images of...

...think broadly about the challenges that faced the designer, though. Do not be put off by an unfamiliar product. You will not need an advanced knowledge of these products and their manufacture to consider their design. To help give you an appreciation of the wide spectrum of contexts in which designing is undertaken and the variety of designs which emerge, our case studies...