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...epidemiological studies reveal that up to ¾ of depressed youth have a history of at least one anxiety disorder'. They cite a community study of adolescents that was published by Orvaschel et al. (1995) which found that '42% of youth with a first diagnosis of an anxiety disorder developed a second diagnosis of MDD [major depressive disorder] by one-year follow-up' and,...

...epidemiology, water quality, sanitation and hygiene, global infectious disease surveillance networks, and evidence-based interventions such as vaccination programmes use appropriate examples and interpret unfamiliar examples presented to you, to illustrate successful public health strategies that: use education to support behavioural changes that enable people to protect...

...epidemiology, and on the immune response in human hosts...Vaccination: 1.1 The smallpox virus - Undoubtedly, one of the great success stories of modern medicine has been in the field of vaccination against infectious diseases. There is no more compelling example than smallpox. It is hard now to imagine the impact of smallpox, which killed 10–50% (sometimes more) of the...

...epidemiology including risk groups, transmission characteristics, and impact monitor global trends in influenza transmission inform the selection of influenza strains for vaccine production (WHO, 2011b). The influenza data from the sentinel laboratories is fed into a global surveillance programme, started by the WHO in 1996, called FluNet (WHO, 2011c), which is one of the...