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...et al 2012). Of these hospital admissions the prevalence of pain is high, ranging from 59% to 94% (Kozlowski et al 2014; Linhares et al 2012) and of that number between 27% and 40% of them experience moderate to severe pain (Groenewald et al 2012). Jenkins et al (2019) who explored how to reduce the experience of pain in the immediate postoperative period, states that...

...et al. (1981) as an alternative to the stressful major life events inventories because it has been recognised that hassles are irritating, frustrating demands that occur during everyday transactions with the environment, which can build up as accumulative stressors (Holm and Holroyd, 1992). These include 117 items about health, health of a family member, losing things,...

...et al, 2015). These are no longer niche pursuits shrouded in mystery, with several high-risk sports gaining visibility through their increased broadcast and social media presence and their transition into mainstream competitive domains. For example, the Winter Olympics now includes several sports that previously only sat within the X Games programme, such as slopestyle...

...et al., 2020). An injury to the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) in the knee has received special attention from researchers and the media due to its potential severity and because females are at a higher risk of sustaining the injury (Marmura, Bryant and Getgood, 2021). A study by Montalvo et al. (2019) found that female football players had more than double the...

...et al., 2024). The course will also include findings from other published work focussing on the management of children’s pain in hospital. [Described image] Figure 1 Framework for delivering effective pain management (Simons et al., 2020) Hospital experiences often involve pain, with up to 80% of hospitalised children having at least one painful procedure every 24...