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...carbon equivalent value. Group B. Heat-treatable alloys with mechanical properties affected by the welding process: e.g. plain carbon steel, alloy steel and precipitation-hardening Al-alloys. Group C. Materials which form brittle alloys or intermetallic compounds at the weld interface. This intermediate layer can usually be controlled to a few micrometers: e.g.:...

...carbon dioxide (CO2), which must be continuously removed. The process by which O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the body and the environment is termed external respiration. On average, an adult takes between 12 and 18 breaths a minute at rest, exchanging more than 8000 litres of air per day. Using the glossary This course includes a glossary, as demonstrated by the terms...

...footprint. While not all bioplastics are biodegradable, they represent a more sustainable choice compared to traditional plastics, particularly in their use of renewable materials (Abe et al., 2021). The key to bioplastics’ potential lies in their ability to replace traditional plastics across a range of applications without compromising functionality. Whether it’s a...

...carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) or glass fibre reinforced plastic. Sandwiches of CFRP are also used in many modern aircraft. Many of these materials are simply called laminates as they are indeed laminated together as each layer in built up and then cured with heat to precisely secure it into place. Try our free course 'Introducing engineering' Return to aeroplane...

...carbon dioxide. [Part of Nirgal Vallis, a valley on Mars first seen on this image by Mariner 9 in 1972. This image is 120km from side to side] Part of Nirgal Vallis, a valley on Mars first seen on this image by Mariner 9 in 1972. This image is 120km from side to side. In the 1970s attention turned to the much juicier topic of liquid water on Mars, with the discovery by...