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...energy and materials to all ecosystems. It is, then, difficult to make a clear distinction between a 'managed environment' and a 'natural ecosystem', although we can all understand the difference in principle between planned management and inadvertent change. Not only are we part of nature, but, as Figure 1 suggests, we exert an increasingly dominant influence on our...

...energy-efficient survival when ambient temperatures are so low that foraging or simply maintaining normal core body temperature and basal metabolic rate are either energetically too costly or impossible. Polar endotherms can maintain a high T b even when living actively at sub-zero temperatures. Such animals have very good thermal insulation and may have a plentiful food...

...energy demand and associated carbon emissions is, therefore, a key strategy that has been highlighted by the UK Committee on Climate Change and is acknowledged in the Government’s recent heat and buildings strategy. However, 20-30% (that's over ten million homes) of the UK housing stock have heritage value. Many of these buildings aren’t officially designated, meaning...

...energy to do so, leaving less energy for growth and reproduction. Consequently, they up smaller in size. Aside from the impact this has on shellfish, several of the species affected, such as corals in the tropics or coralline algae in the waters around the UK, also play a key role in providing food and nursing grounds for fish. And less fish food leads to fewer fish for...