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...Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Licence Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following sources for permission to reproduce material in this course: Course image: Katrina Br*?#*!@nd in Flickr made available under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Licence. Figure 1 John Watson/Open University; Figure 3a–c T.H. Torsvik...

...writing (2003) the threat is considered to be so low that vaccination has only been reintroduced in the UK and USA for health workers who would be in the ‘front line’ of any response to an outbreak...Vaccination: 1.5 Summary of Section 1 - Smallpox, caused by the variola virus, was one of the great pandemic infectious diseases for more than 10,000 years, killing a...

...write a short description of the kinds of features you can see on Europa's surface, noting for example relative brightness and characteristic shapes or textures. Concentrate on a simple description of appearance; we do not expect you to explain the origin or precise nature of what you can see. (b) Try to deduce the relative ages of the features you have described. Answer...

...writing Using the values L = 1038 W and c = 3 × 108 m s−1, we get Q = 1022 kg s−1. Converting this into solar masses per year using 1M⊙ ≈ 2 × 1030 kg and 1 year ≈ 3 × 107 s, we get Q ≈ 0.2M⊙ per year. Is there a large enough supply of matter for a fraction of a solar mass to be accreted every year? Most astronomers think that the answer is yes, and that...

...writing (2009), 20 p/litre less than that on ultra-low sulphur petrol. A recent review has shown that biofuel production is a high-cost process overall; only the production of bioethanol from sugar cane was considered to be cost-effective. If, however, the price of crude oil rises then biofuels may start to become more competitive, although this would depend on...