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...carbon equivalent value. Group B. Heat-treatable alloys with mechanical properties affected by the welding process: e.g. plain carbon steel, alloy steel and precipitation-hardening Al-alloys. Group C. Materials which form brittle alloys or intermetallic compounds at the weld interface. This intermediate layer can usually be controlled to a few micrometers: e.g.:...

...carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) or glass fibre reinforced plastic. Sandwiches of CFRP are also used in many modern aircraft. Many of these materials are simply called laminates as they are indeed laminated together as each layer in built up and then cured with heat to precisely secure it into place. Try our free course 'Introducing engineering' Return to aeroplane...

...footprint. While not all bioplastics are biodegradable, they represent a more sustainable choice compared to traditional plastics, particularly in their use of renewable materials (Abe et al., 2021). The key to bioplastics’ potential lies in their ability to replace traditional plastics across a range of applications without compromising functionality. Whether it’s a...

...carbon dioxide. [Part of Nirgal Vallis, a valley on Mars first seen on this image by Mariner 9 in 1972. This image is 120km from side to side] Part of Nirgal Vallis, a valley on Mars first seen on this image by Mariner 9 in 1972. This image is 120km from side to side. In the 1970s attention turned to the much juicier topic of liquid water on Mars, with the discovery by...

...carbon-nitrogen water that is essential for life and these very early studies found that there was barely any volatiles present on the moon and that it was a born dry planetary body. However, in 2008, Saal et al published a paper looking at green glass which is produced in firefight interruptions to the moon surface and they found significant quantities of volatiles...