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...centres. The steep thermal gradients required necessitate high flame temperatures, with the risk of overheating, burning and distortion, so the process is usually automated using specially shaped burners. Typical applications include gear teeth, brake drums, axles, cams and crankshafts. Materials: Ferrous metals whose composition is such that the required hardness will be...

...centres around understanding how water evolved in the early Solar System, including how our own planet came to possess such vast oceans. To do this I look at water rich meteorites called CM chondrites, which probably come from very old asteroids formed early in Solar System history, and may have even brought water to Earth when the Solar System was in its infancy. I use...