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...which in turn reduces machining allowances and costs. Rotary swaging can produce exceptionally smooth surfaces to close tolerance. Tube can be drawn-out lengthwise, and the use of a mandrel can be employed to form internal contours inside the tube. [Diagrams to demonstrate GFM and Swaging - see article] See Also: Hot extrusion, Conform process and Orbital forging....

...press. Modern “double-acting” or “triple-acting” cupping machines blank out and cup the metal strip in one press action. The strip is automatically fed into the die area. Often the machines are design to blank and cup several components at a single stroke using multiple punches and dies. Multi-stage transfer presses (either mechanical or hydraulic) with up to 10 stations are used for long production runs ( 50,000 parts......

...out by “canning” the powders in a mild steel can, which is evacuated and sealed at its end. This prevents oxidation of the powders at the high temperatures (which can be as high as 1400˚C for some of the refractory metals). High extrusion ratios can be achieved, leading to good densification to near theoretical density. Process is a batch type process and in some...