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...carbon and alloy steels stainless steels aluminium alloys copper alloys titanium alloys nickel-based alloys With hot rolling it is easier to deform difficult-to-work metals than with cold rolling. Cast ingot structures, at heavy deformations and at temperatures where recrystallisation occurs, promote recrystallisation. Control of the sheet temperature can produce...

...carbon and low-alloy steels, stainless steels, aluminium alloys and brasses. Powder compacts can be orbitally forged to increase their densities to near theoretical. This is a type of powder forging. Design: Process is used to produce components with large-diameter flanges up to 150 mm dia. Components include bevel gears, claw clutch parts, wheel discs with hubs, bearing...

...carbon. As temperatures change, different volatiles become more prominent; think about the difference between the smell of rising dough and the smell of baking bread coming from a hot oven! Smells or odours aren’t always detectable by the human nose but they are present in much of the Earth and its atmosphere, forests, oceans and cities (Figure 2). VOCs can be produced...

...footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula’, Nature Communications 10(551). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w Chacón-Duque, JC., Adhikari, K., Fuentes-Guajardo, M. et al. (2018) ‘Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance’, Nature Communications 9(5388)....

...carbonate); the cave is probably a result of the mining activity. The miners did not leave anything interesting for the geologist! Around this time, using computer models started to become a major component of Earth sciences, so it seemed like a good area to get into. For my PhD, I studied rocks in the Earth’s lower crust, beneath the Barents Sea, in the Arctic. My...

...carbon dioxide (CO2) gas from activities such as burning fossil fuels, which enhances the greenhouse effect and warms the planet...Session 1: What is ‘engineering the climate’?: 1.2 Modifying the Earth’s energy budget - Geoengineering techniques aim to modify Earth’s ‘energy budget’. The energy budget is similar to a financial budget. If your income is greater...