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...energy of the radiation concerned. In which part of the electromagnetic spectrum are X-rays found? X-rays, with wavelengths in the range 0.01–10 nm, are higher energy than ultraviolet, but lower energy than gamma radiation. As X-rays pass through matter they may: go straight through unimpeded be absorbed be scattered and carry on in a slightly different direction....

...energy and labour savings compared with conventional forging. [Diagram to demonstrate 'Rotary forging, General forging machine (GFM) and Swaging' see article] Materials: Can rotary forge or swage most forgeable materials. Some “difficult-to-forge” materials by conventional techniques can be rotary forged or swaged because of the prevention of tensile forces that would...

...energy of black holes. What Causes Jets? What goes on deep in the centre of galaxies? Revealing the power source for stars and galactic jets. The Expanding Universe Russell Stannard uses simple analogies to explain difficult concepts. The expansion of space, and the cosmological red-shift, or doppler shift. Geometry of the Universe Russell Stannard explains why standard...