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...carbon monoxide) that make up the pale terrain of Tombaugh Regio. At the very low temperatures on Pluto’s surface (-225°) water-ice is as strong as rock on Earth. [Detail of part of the western edge of Tombaugh Regio. Image is 470km across.] The landscape in the left third of this image is composed of water-ice. The very flat terrain in the right third, which is part...

...carbon, each atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms, arranged at the corners of a tetrahedron (Figure 19a). The resulting structure, which has a repeating cubic shape, is illustrated in Figure 19b. The structure contains much more unoccupied space than do close-packed metal structures. Figure 19 The diamond structure: (a) tetrahedral arrangement of covalent...

...carbon dioxide 0.04% nitrogen 78% argon 0.9% oxygen 21% carbon dioxide 95% nitrogen 2.6% argon 1.9% oxygen 0.16% carbon monoxide 0.06% Satellites The Moon Phobos and Deimos Footnotes *The SI unit of pressure is actually the Pascal (Pa) and 1 atmosphere is 101 325 Pa. On 13 August 1672, Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens observed a white spot at Mars’ south pole (Figure...

...carbon steels, and low alloy steel, are peened with either chilled cast iron or cast steel shot (500–1250 µm) and fatigue strengths can be increased by up to 50%. Spring steels are widely shot peened for coil- and leaf-spring applications. The second major reason for shot peening is to improve the stress corrosion resistance of several alloys, including: aluminium...