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...communities around 'black smoker' hydrothermal vents on the Earth's ocean floor. In 2010: Odyssey Two (published in 1982 as a sequel to the more famous 2001: A Space Odyssey) he imagined an explorer's findings on the floor of the Europan ocean: …the first oasis filled him with delighted surprise. It extended for almost a kilometre around a tangled mass of pipes and...

...communicative civilisations in the Milky Way. Basically, it’s an estimate of how likely it is that there is an advanced alien race somewhere out there that we might be able to detect signals from. The number of these civilisations is worked out by a long multiplication of lots of different factors, illustrated in Figure 8: Number of civilisations = Rate of star...

...community, although this was far from being true. In 1906, he committed suicide. If despair over rejection, or frustration over being unable to prove his point, were contributing factors the irony would be great indeed. Soon after Boltzmann's death, clinching evidence was found for atoms, and few would ever doubt their existence again...The restless Universe: 2.4.1...

...communicate their findings – to other scientists who will build on this work to extend knowledge still further, to technologists who will devise practical applications for scientific knowledge, and to the general public to raise awareness of scientific discovery. The way in which science is communicated to interested parties is especially important because scientific...

...la Minéralogie, l’Eau, les Glaces et l’Activité) instrument, which can detect minerals on the martian surface. Clay minerals and hydrated sulfates, which can only form in the presence of water, were found at Terra Meridiani, Mawrth Vallis, Nili Fossae, Aram Chaos, and Valles Marineris - as well as in isolated locations in the martian Highlands. Combining relative...