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...children had assisted in making goods for the market. Married women had played other economic roles too – acting, for example, as midwives, washerwomen or casual field hands. [This illustration shows a late eighteenth-century household in which the two women of the family sit busily working at spinning wheels and the adult male works a loom.] Figure 1 Cottage industry:...

...children were dirty, for the languid mothers gave their strength to the loom; pious Dissenting women, perhaps, who took life patiently, and thought that salvation depended chiefly on predestination, and not at all on cleanliness. The gables of Dissenting chapels now made a visible sign of religion, and of a meeting-place to counterbalance the ale-house, even in the...

...Children holding hands in Butetown Carnival parade] Wrth adfywio, mae miloedd o dai newydd yn amgylchynu Butetown. Fodd bynnag, mae rhai rhannau o'r datblygiad wedi bod yno ers 30 mlynedd bellach. Roeddwn yn cerdded heibio Canolfan Mileniwm Cymru gyda'm hwyres, oedd yn dair oed ar y pryd. Edrychodd arno a dweud, 'Carnifal yn fan'na', a dyna lle mae wedi bod erioed, yn ei...

...children of Dutch men and Asian women were counted as Dutch. There are also systems where ‘intermediate’ or mixed racial categories are formally recognised as separate races. The third criterion I’ll turn to is self-awareness of ancestry. This is different from what someone’s actual ancestry is. For example, individuals might have one idea of what their ancestry...