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...T-cell mediated immunity; trials of DNA constructs from HIV-1 and hepatitis B virus genomes have begun in human volunteers. [Figure 5] Figure 5 This gene gun uses a pulse of low pressure helium gas to deliver gold particles that have been coated with DNA or RNA directly into the tissues. (Courtesy of Bio-Rad) Another technique has been to produce genetically-engineered...

...t is time. Here the frequency of the wave is f = 200 Hz. The period of the wave, T, is the time between successive peaks; in this case, T = 5 ms (milliseconds). As would be expected, T = 1/f = 1/200 = 0.005 s. Similarly, f = 1/T = 1/0.005 = 200 Hz. The signal is written as s(t) = A sin(2πft + ϕ) where A is called the amplitude of the wave, i.e. the ......

...T the absolute temperature. The factor of two is necessary because two gauche states are possible. Since it follows that, as the temperature rises, the energetic contribution decreases and so the right-hand term increases; this means that more and more gauche conformations are adopted as the temperature rises. The net result is that the randomly coiled polyethylene chain...