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...energy of black holes. What Causes Jets? What goes on deep in the centre of galaxies? Revealing the power source for stars and galactic jets. The Expanding Universe Russell Stannard uses simple analogies to explain difficult concepts. The expansion of space, and the cosmological red-shift, or doppler shift. Geometry of the Universe Russell Stannard explains why standard...

...energy to split these molecules into their components again to produce free oxygen. The high levels of free oxygen in our atmosphere only persist because they are constantly replenished by the photosynthetic activity of the plant life on Earth. Our atmosphere is actually such an oddity that if a similarly oxygen-rich atmosphere was found around a planet orbiting a star...

...energy, produced when the atoms hit the surface. Hardened surface layers are formed on cooling of the workpiece in situ...Plasma carburising furnace [Images to demonstrate 'Plasma nitriding/carburising' - see article ] Plasma carburising Preliminary clean and degrease. Load components into basket and place in furnace. Evacuate and heat. Introduce carburising gas and...

...energy efficiency of refrigerators and washing machines. However, in recent years that gain in efficiencies has plateaued and it is no longer the case that energy consuming products should always be replaced by slightly more efficient ones. In fact, it would be quite useful, in environmental terms, if products could last much longer: for example, a washing machine that...