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...bases in the RNA determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein. A strand of RNA which has the potential to encode protein is said to be ‘positive sense’ (+). If a strand of RNA is complementary to this, then it is ‘negative sense’ (–). Negative-sense RNA must first be copied to a complementary positive-sense strand of RNA before it can be translated into...

...based on the idea of the electron-pair bond, and the extent to which a pair of valence electrons is shared between the atoms that are bonded together. Note – the key word here is extent – you’ll see why this is later. In addition there is also an assumption that the electronic structures of noble gas atoms (group 18) are especially stable (you looked at the extreme...

...base (basal) and side (lateral)) that are in contact with other cells. These hormones are secreted either into blood vessels or close to the surface of nearby cells. Each type of intestinal epithelial cell is therefore polarised; it is not uniform, either in shape or function, as shown schematically in Figure 20. Figure 20 Schematic illustration showing cell polarity in...

...La-grawnge’.) It was invented by Joseph-Louis Lagrange, about a century after calculus was discovered. The term ‘prime notation’ arises from the fact that the symbol super prime in the notation f super prime is often called ‘prime’. However, there’s another notation, called Leibniz notation, invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. (Remember that ‘Leibniz’...