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...study them and figure out which function (or functions) their brain could not do, and from that they assumed that that specific region was in charge of those roles. For example, on 1848, a railroad constructor named Phineas Gage had an accident while working: an iron pole passed through his head, destroying an area known as the left frontal lobe. Phineas survived this...

...studied Halley’s comet in 1986. ESA’s mission, Giotto, was the best equipped. It got to within nearly 600km, and sent back the first close-up pictures of a comet’s nucleus. The most spectacular mission before Rosetta was NASA’s Deep Impact, which in 2005 dropped an impactor into the nucleus of comet Tempel 1, while the mother-ship watched. The impact excavated...

...studies, I would not have arrived at the solution,’ Einstein wrote. In 1905, Albert Einstein based a new theory on two principles. First, the laws of physics appear the same to all observers. Second, he calculated that the speed of light – 186,000 miles per second (299,338 kilometers per second) – is unchanging. Prior to Einstein, scientists believe that space was...