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...changed over the 60 years of Mars exploration and will continue to adapt to new scientific understanding of the planet and of life itself. However, the central principle is to minimise the amount of biological material (bioburden) carried by a spacecraft that might contaminate the martian surface. Setting standards It was required that the Viking landers that reached Mars...

...change the rpm of the crankshaft to turn the wheels at different rates so that the car can move at varying speeds. The downside of this is that you have less driving force (torque), which is why it’s easier to accelerate using lower gears. It’s a bit like riding a bike, where it takes less effort to go up a hill in low gear, but you don’t go as far. The Ice Cold In...