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...Free State was the first province to issue them for women to establish tighter controls over domestic service employment. In 1913, a mass meeting of women in Bloemfontein decided refuse to carry their passes any longer, tearing and burning them. One of the organisers was Charlotte Maxeke. Charlotte Makgomo Manye was born in 1874 and received a missionary education. She...

...course, from coal tar. Although the structure of anthracene itself was not known at the time, a starting material for the laboratory synthesis of alizarin was now available. In June 1869, Perkin and the German dye company, BASF, filed patents for the same synthetic route to alizarin just one day apart. As a result, the industry producing the natural dye was killed off...