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...system was breaking apart and Rome was plunged into two bitter civil wars between powerful political and military figures, such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, one after the other. Augustus – at this stage still called Octavian – was the last man standing after the second civil war, and this is how he came to be in control of the Roman state. [Figure 2: This image...

...think about these assumptions and to re-assess them. The idea, for instance, that Western music is exclusively composed is rather an exaggeration: there are numerous examples of improvisation in our art music tradition. The common view that most non-Western musics are improvised is even more dubious, especially if we accept Apel's definition of the term. As the...

...think about how the music makes you feel. Does the pulse contribute to your emotional response to the music? In which extracts is the pulse more discernible? Audio 1: Bee Gees, Stayin’ Alive, 0:32–1:02 Audio 2: Brian Eno, New space music, 00:30–01:00 Audio 3: Beethoven, Grosse Fugue, Op. 133 03:55–04:25 Audio 4: Howard Goodall, ‘The Lord is my Shepherd’,...

...think I am wrong: M. Delacroix has the gift of genius’ (quoted in Jobert, 1998, p.69). With his first Salon, Delacroix thus gained a reputation as an innovator who worked within, rather than overthrowing, tradition. The choice of subject was novel for a history painter and showed a departure from the usual repertoire of topics from classical antiquity and national...

...think. Like the word ‘Rome’, we use ‘empire’ to mean various things: it can signify space (the territory of an empire), a period (during which an empire held sway), and a system of rule (for instance, one that differs from a republic, which has elected rulers). Certainly the term ‘Roman Empire’ involves all three meanings, sometimes separately, sometimes all...