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...determinism - It is probably fair to say that no single individual has had a greater influence on the scientific view of the world than Isaac Newton. The main reason for Newton's prominence was his own intrinsic genius, but another important factor was the particular state of knowledge when he was, in his own phrase, 'in the prime of my age for invention'. In 1543, a...

...determine the shape of the PSF for your observation – in other words, they enable careful measurement of the degree to which the light emitted by the star is being blurred across a wider area in the image we see. This allows aperture sizes to be chosen that optimise the quality of the measurements. For sources whose true angular size is larger than a single image pixel,...

...determination of the composition of the streaks. They used an instrument called CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) on board the orbiter to analyse the light reflected off the surface of these streaks. In this way, they could show that they contain salts that are most likely to be magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate and sodium perchlorate....