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...carbon-rich asteroid called Bennu, around which it is currently orbiting. It is set to return to Earth with its bounty of space samples in 2023. Hayabusa2 has already visited its asteroid, Ryugu, having successfully collected rocky samples and now on its way back to Earth, scheduled to land in Australia in December this year. Samples from both missions will be closely...

...carbon-rich) material erupted from geysers. The rugged surface beyond the polar cap is methane-rich ice, contaminated by nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water. (NASA) Beyond its large satellites each giant planet has a second collection of small irregular-shaped satellites, travelling in elongated, inclined and in many cases retrograde orbits. Most are dark...

...carbon content is hard-wearing, and that is just what is required for drive-shafts, bearings and gear teeth. But if we choose a recipe that makes steel hard for a service requirement, how can we get around the fact that its hardness will make it extremely difficult to shape in the first place? One answer is to fashion the components from a steel of a more formable,...

...carbonate) washing-up liquid alum* ferrous sulfate (try and buy this chemical in 100mg tablet form – it’s used in the treatment of anaemia)* citric acid* cream of tartar* a number of heat-resistant containers of various capacities some form of tongs rubber gloves and apron * available from most pharmacies [alum, washing-up liquid, cream of tartar] Tips Record all of...

...carbon, and how the carbon affects the structure of the iron on a microscopic scale depends on the amount of carbon in the iron, and the heat treatment that the iron has had. Figure 12(c) shows the micro structure of a typical steel (so-called because we are looking at the steel on a microscopic scale). This shows that as we look in closer detail, we begin to see that...

...carbon dioxide-dominated atmospheres of Venus and Mars. Now humans are leaving our own mark in pollutants and greenhouse gases. But despite being so thin and light, the atmosphere is far from insignificant. The influence is not all in one direction and the atmosphere plays a vital role in the evolution of the other elements. Winds drive ocean currents and rainfall alters...