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...carbon and alloy steels, graphite and copper-2% beryllium. Die coatings and chills are used to control the solidification and amount of shrinkage porosity. Die coatings, which are applied by spraying or dipping, should prevent metal from sticking to the die, insulate, lubricate, allow adequate ventilation and be durable. With clean, modified and grain-refined aluminium...

...carbonate has a median lethal dose (LD50 or toxic to 50% of the subjects) in rats of 525mg/kg when administered orally. However, it may be safely prescribed to humans at a therapeutic dose to treat, for instance, depression, but the levels of toxicity mean it has to be prescribed and taken carefully to avoid an overdose. Unfortunately, it has been reported to contribute...

...carbon-rich asteroid called Bennu, around which it is currently orbiting. It is set to return to Earth with its bounty of space samples in 2023. Hayabusa2 has already visited its asteroid, Ryugu, having successfully collected rocky samples and now on its way back to Earth, scheduled to land in Australia in December this year. Samples from both missions will be closely...

...carbon content is hard-wearing, and that is just what is required for drive-shafts, bearings and gear teeth. But if we choose a recipe that makes steel hard for a service requirement, how can we get around the fact that its hardness will make it extremely difficult to shape in the first place? One answer is to fashion the components from a steel of a more formable,...

...carbonate) washing-up liquid alum* ferrous sulfate (try and buy this chemical in 100mg tablet form – it’s used in the treatment of anaemia)* citric acid* cream of tartar* a number of heat-resistant containers of various capacities some form of tongs rubber gloves and apron * available from most pharmacies [alum, washing-up liquid, cream of tartar] Tips Record all of...