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...families, causing immense harm. That pattern of blaming mothers set the stage for later false claims. In the 1990s Andrew Wakefield, a British gastroenterologist, alleged that the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine caused autism. His work was later exposed as fraudulent; the paper was retracted and his medical licence revoked. Extensive international research has...

...families can trace its history back to tropeiro ancestors. But Hainaut believes a more likely candidate for this ‘patient zero’ would be either a military man or a bandeirante – one of the ruthless adventurers who raided inland for native slaves to trade and to search for precious minerals. When gold was discovered in the 17th century, the rush was on to claim the...