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...worked mainly as a virtuoso pianist. The second is marked by the shattering episode of the famous ‘Heiligenstadt Testament’, the third by a series of personal catastrophes. Born in Bonn in 1770, Beethoven was the eldest child of a large family. His first music lessons were with his father, who is said to have been a harsh and cruel teacher. Despite this, Beethoven...

...work. You will be focusing on the way that one author, Helen Langdon, has used biography in her book about one artist, Caravaggio. In order to get the most out of studying this course you will need access to a copy of this book (ISBN 071266582x) You will look in detail at the methods she has used to approach her subject and the different kinds of primary sources available...

...work. I would argue that the XPhi movement has been useful in generating fertile debates about 'how we know', and in interrogating the role of 'lay' and 'expert' understandings for guiding philosophical enquiry. However, I would also argue that existing work in XPhi has suffered from methodological shortcomings and shortsightedness. Let me start by describing a commonly...