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...energy into electricity. New Designs: Postmobile Design for a specific market: a new designer explains how he secured sponsorship from the Royal Mail to develop his prototype. New Designs: Pushchair Redesigning and problem solving: a new designer describes her journey from concept to prototype. New Designs: Scooter Designing for the environment: a new designer tests his...

...energy a star is producing, or perhaps how many stars are likely to be present in a distant galaxy. Astronomers refer to the brightness of astronomical objects in several ways. When referring to how bright a star or galaxy appears to be, astronomers use the concept of apparent magnitude. The brightest objects in the night sky have apparent magnitudes of around 1, whereas...

...energy sputtering and magnetron sputtering. [Images to demonstrate 'Physical vapour deposition (PVD)' - see article ] Ion plating Variations of process include reactive ion plating (RIP), chemical ion plating (CIP) and gasless ion plating (GIP). [Images to demonstrate 'Physical vapour deposition (PVD)' - see article ] Manufacture: For vacuum evaporation and ion plating,...

...energy (exactly the same kinds of energy gradients that we know support life on Earth) that could be exploited by life. It’s incredibly exciting – there could be biospheres in these oceans. And if we find evidence of life there, it will be evidence of life now, not fossil evidence of life that lived billions of years ago. But whether they do or don’t hold life,...