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...energy from a continuously running electric motor and (b) kinetic energy stored in a rotating flywheel. Production rates depend on number of welds per cycle, weld area, material and method of loading and unloading; typical rate 1–4 welds min-1. In-cycle upset removal, by shearing or turning, increases weld cycle by 5–20%, but may reduce overall costs, since it is...

...solar system and then scattered inwards as the giant planets migrated outwards. Alternatively, Ceres could have formed more or less where it is, and incorporated nitrogen-containing organic molecules, which, like the water ice, were transported inwards from beyond Neptune. While this might not sound all that significant, it does have quite profound ramifications for our...

...energy of the radiation concerned. In which part of the electromagnetic spectrum are X-rays found? X-rays, with wavelengths in the range 0.01–10 nm, are higher energy than ultraviolet, but lower energy than gamma radiation. As X-rays pass through matter they may: go straight through unimpeded be absorbed be scattered and carry on in a slightly different direction....

...energy and labour savings compared with conventional forging. [Diagram to demonstrate 'Rotary forging, General forging machine (GFM) and Swaging' see article] Materials: Can rotary forge or swage most forgeable materials. Some “difficult-to-forge” materials by conventional techniques can be rotary forged or swaged because of the prevention of tensile forces that would...