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...thinking. The image insists not so much on Napoleon's glorious destiny as on his executive role as head of government and the benefits of his rule. This portrait established the standard image of Bonaparte as First Consul; it served as the model for several further portraits commissioned from Gros and other artists, usually to hang in public buildings in provincial cities...

...systems (structure), rather than the diachronic dimension (historical development). Change in ‘style’ and even the definition of ‘art’ is central to art history, so the static structuralist approach brings with it considerable problems. It introduced an aporia (unsolvable riddle) into conceptualisations of the artist-subject. It is this second point that we are...

...think, a simple case of cause and effect, with the balloon coming first, nor did both devices emerge from the same set of circumstances, for example, the balloon’s uptake depended on the availability of hydrogen that had only just been successfully combined. But the panorama undoubtedly schooled its visitors in a mode of viewing that was compatible with ballooning. And...

...think most people’s eye would be drawn to the cross, which is called ‘The Great Rood’. You’ve got the pulpit, which has got an image of Our Lady of Walsingham, but your eye is drawn to the baldacchino, which is in yellow Verona marble. Our Ladies’ chapel, which was one of the first parts of the cathedral to be completed and where they said mass first – you...

...think of the three as comprising a spectrum, with repetition at one end, contrast at the other, and variation in between, as shown in Figure 1. As this suggests, variation contains elements of both repetition and contrast. [This figure shows a horizontal bar that is coloured in a horizontal progression from yellow, through green, to blue (from left to right). These...