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...solar system and then scattered inwards as the giant planets migrated outwards. Alternatively, Ceres could have formed more or less where it is, and incorporated nitrogen-containing organic molecules, which, like the water ice, were transported inwards from beyond Neptune. While this might not sound all that significant, it does have quite profound ramifications for our...

...energy of the radiation concerned. In which part of the electromagnetic spectrum are X-rays found? X-rays, with wavelengths in the range 0.01–10 nm, are higher energy than ultraviolet, but lower energy than gamma radiation. As X-rays pass through matter they may: go straight through unimpeded be absorbed be scattered and carry on in a slightly different direction....

...solar system (see Figure 8). The purpose of such a model, known as an orrery, is to represent the position of the planets relative to each other over time. The invention of the orrery is usually attributed to George Graham (1673–1751). Graham worked on this with the support of the 4th Earl of Orrery, which explains the name. The tiny crank on the side of the central...

...solar wind composition experiment, a passive seismic experiment to detect lunar ‘moonquakes’, and a laser ranging retroreflector to very precisely measure the distance between the Earth and Moon. But perhaps their most important task was to collect samples of the lunar surface. Apollo 11 returned 22kg of lunar samples to Earth. The Apollo 11 landing was the first of...