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...system, or are they frozen ice and mud? Does Titan have a rocky core overlain directly by an icy mantle, or does it have an ocean below the surface? If so, is it made up of water? This all matters because what we have learnt about Titan from Cassini and Huygens has confirmed that it has an active chemistry, based on methane and ammonia. We know that these substances, when...

...System. But how can we strike a balance between exploring these new worlds and ensuring they remain unspoilt?...In the late 1970s, NASA’s Voyager mission provided the first tantalising clues that Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons, might have an ocean beneath its thick icy shell. Since then, missions such as NASA’s Galileo and Cassini-Huygens spacecraft have provided...

...system for making sure that all aircraft are safe at all times. In the same way that drivers of cars have to obey the rules of the road, pilots also have a huge number of laws and regulations they must adhere to ensure the safety of the shared airspace, runways and airports. Air traffic managers communicate with pilots and other parties to keep everyone informed about...