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...centres. Far from there being a problem of unemployment, there was a shortage of labour, which encouraged population movements such as the Windrush migration from the Caribbean to the UK. For most of this early postwar period, capitalist economies enjoyed continued growth and mild business cycle fluctuations. In such circumstances, there would be repeated periods of boom...

...centre and protect it from surrounding instabilities. Non-EU countries were, of course, not part of this development, and the Balkans and large parts of post-Soviet Europe continue to remain both within and outside ‘Europe’. Such divisions and the particular uses made of formally ‘European’ values place further doubts on the idea of Europe as an inclusive value...

...centre and the regional units (for example, Lander) so that each level has the right to make final decisions in some fields of activity. There is a wide spectrum between this and the extremes of authoritarian centralism (for example, in Spain under Franco's dictatorship). Likewise, there are many gradations on the identity spectrum, from full national separatism based on...