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...techniques to provide contrast between tissues and to highlight diseased or otherwise changed tissues. These techniques have become some of the most important weapons in our fight against disease. When considering drugs used for the treatment of disease, your first thoughts might lean towards treatments involving organic compounds. But metals and their compounds have been...

...techniques. Box 2 A note on how 2 : 17 was calculated The instruction for this problem in the ancient Egyptian reads something like, ‘Get 2 by operating on 17’, which provides a clue to the guiding principle: do things to 17 until you arrive at 2. The calculation is in two stages: carry on halving 17 (starting from its two-thirds part) until some number under 2 is...

...techniques and practical activities using the www.iSpotnature.org platform. The course goes on to demonstrate how, once a species is identified, web resources can be used to research its ecology. The role of citizen science is illustrated through a number of case studies from across the world. Finally, the course concludes by exploring the impact citizen scientists are...

...techniques of manipulating genes, by increasing your understanding of the concepts and issues involved. Many thousands of genes have been discovered, including many that have roles in disease. These genes are scattered throughout the human genome. But what is the human genome? The physical appearance of the bulk of the human genome is 46 long, thin structures known as...

...techniques. Since the decoding of the human genome, it has also been possible to correlate disease states with previously unidentified gene products (proteins) and to devise potential ligands using computerised modelling. The goal of all of this is to produce smaller, leaner (i.e. less lipophilic) leads. A ‘hit’ molecule would be described as a molecule or...

...techniques of people-centred design so that you might be empowered to offer better and more constructive criticism when things don't work – when product usability, particularly of consumer products, could be improved. Of course usability is just one of the many factors that designers need to be aware of. Products need to be manufacturable, they need to use materials...