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Plasma nitriding/carburising
Science, Maths & Technology

Plasma nitriding/carburising

...energy, produced when the atoms hit the surface. Hardened surface layers are formed on cooling of the workpiece in situ...Plasma carburising furnace [Images to demonstrate 'Plasma nitriding/carburising' - see article ] Plasma carburising Preliminary clean and degrease. Load components into basket and place in furnace. Evacuate and heat. Introduce carburising gas and...
The benefits of a longer product life
Science, Maths & Technology

The benefits of a longer product life

...energy efficiency of refrigerators and washing machines. However, in recent years that gain in efficiencies has plateaued and it is no longer the case that energy consuming products should always be replaced by slightly more efficient ones. In fact, it would be quite useful, in environmental terms, if products could last much longer: for example, a washing machine that...
Year of the Horse: Chinese Lunar New Year
Languages

Year of the Horse: Chinese Lunar New Year

...energy, momentum, vitality, freedom, and forward movement. These qualities are deeply embedded in centuries of folklore, philosophy, and daily life. A horse year is often associated with opportunity, movement, and new ventures. For many, it is a time to be bold, take decisive steps, and embrace change with enthusiasm. In 2026, the horse year is specifically a ‘Fire...
The Legacy of Nuclear Power, Part 2
Society, Politics & Law

The Legacy of Nuclear Power, Part 2

...energies into trying to bury it and forget it we need to have regard to what is actually happening and what is actually there. And what is there is gonna be there for a long time. And when you use the words “short term”, forgive me I find this very difficult, but this is typical. The government and the industry will talk about interim storage. Now interim implies...
Apollo 11 and 50 years of research on Moon rocks
Science, Maths & Technology

Apollo 11 and 50 years of research on Moon rocks

...solar wind composition experiment, a passive seismic experiment to detect lunar ‘moonquakes’, and a laser ranging retroreflector to very precisely measure the distance between the Earth and Moon. But perhaps their most important task was to collect samples of the lunar surface. Apollo 11 returned 22kg of lunar samples to Earth. The Apollo 11 landing was the first of...
Golden Globe Ocean Race: Monsoon and its role on regulating global climate in the past
Nature & Environment

Golden Globe Ocean Race: Monsoon and its role on regulating global climate in the past

...solar insolation than the southern hemisphere. As a result the northern hemisphere landmass heats up and the warm air rises creating a low pressure. In contrast, the ocean waters are slow to warm and thereby air above the ocean is cooler, moist and dense creating a high pressure. [The specific heat of water is greater than dry land, therefore water absorbs and emits heat...
Modelling the planets
Science, Maths & Technology

Modelling the planets

...Solar System. I imagine that looking at Venus could tell us something about the future of our own planet. Venus is very similar to Earth in many aspects. It’s the same size. It has the same mass and same density. It could have been Earth's twin. But during its history, something happened. We know that it lost its water but we don’t know how much water it had. For...
Pluralism in Economics: inequalities, innovation, environment
Society, Politics & Law

Pluralism in Economics: inequalities, innovation, environment

...energy sources (such as wind and solar) displace fossil fuels. Nevertheless, the CE viewpoint is close to the neoclassical approach in that it aims to make markets more efficient (in terms of their material and energy use) and looks to similar policy tools, such as taxes and subsidies to incentivise the required changes, bolstered by regulation as required. While CE is...