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...working in certain professions such as manufacturing, so they were forced into alternative professions. Fear of Jews was compounded by envy of their success as doctors, merchants and bankers. As moneylenders, Jews played an important part in the Venetian economy. They were also a convenient source of taxation. But the Venetian desire to limit their contact with Christians...

...works, a Eulogy to the greatest cities of the empire, Ausonius expresses his own place in this vast and wonderful tableau: "Bordeaux I love," he writes, "Rome I venerate, in one is my cradle in the other my curule chair" - the curule chair being a symbol of Ausonius’ status. If cities conveyed Roman culture into Europe then we might expect this event to have left an...