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...liquid water. So how close are we? Let’s take a look at what we know so far and where the new findings fit in. Ice versus liquid water Back in the 18th century, William Herschel suggested that Mars’s polar caps, which even a small telescope can detect, were made of ice or snow – but he had no proof. It wasn’t until the 1950s that data from telescopes fitted with...

...liquid soap. [using wood ashes] In this activity, we'll use a mixture of coconut and olive oil, with sodium hydroxide (sometimes called caustic soda), to make a solid soap. Homemade soap is particularly good for your skin because the glycerine formed as a byproduct of saponification remains in the soap, to soften your skin. The experiment takes about three hours, but your...

In this video, the OU's Janet Sumner shows you how to conduct a simple density tower experiment using everyday household liquids...Density Tower template Transcript

...liquid water beneath its icy surface, and a central goal of two upcoming missions is to understand whether this ocean might harbour conditions suitable for life. [The launch of the JUICE spacecraft ]Figure 1 The launch of the JUICE spacecraft onboard an ESA Ariane 5 rocket from Guiana Space Centre on 14 April 2023Show descriptionA photograph of a rocket, standing...

...solids, liquids or gases at room temperature, and some examples, together with their chemical symbols are shown in Figure 2. [A composite of six images showing chemical elements, displayed in two rows of three.] Figure 2 Some chemical elements (a) aluminium, (b) sodium, (c) sulfur, (d) bromine, (e) chlorine, (f) copper. Note that sodium is extremely reactive and as shown...

...liquid water. Galileo’s legacy A decade after Voyager 2’s observations, NASA’s Galileo mission – named in honour of Galileo Galilei – launched to explore the Jovian (Jupiter) system further. The mission captured the most close-up and high-resolution images of Europa’s surface at that time (6 m per pixel compared to nearly 2 km per pixel from Voyager) that...