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...work within the body. There is an ‘energy currency’ is used by the body in the same way that society uses money, known as adenosine triphosphate or ATP. ATP is represented in Figure 2 and is synthesized when certain nutrients are catabolized by the body. You do not need to remember the structure of ATP, but do note the three phosphate groups (triphosphate) and the...

...work. Complex, multicellular life on Earth needs an atmosphere for either respiration or photosynthesis. Even aquatic species rely on dissolved oxygen from the air. Photosynthesis, in contrast, requires carbon dioxide, also from the atmosphere. To survive, both animals and plants need a considerably larger mass of air per day than they do food or drink, typically by about...

...work? Before delving into that area, you will take a look at antibody classes because different antibody classes have different functions in immune defence. Recall the names of three different antibody classes and identify a distinguishing feature of one of these classes of antibody. IgG, IgM and IgA are the three main classes of antibody found in serum – the liquid...

...workings of the human body. Diagnosis of illness is aided by the ability to obtain detailed information about the structure of a particular organ or part of the skeleton to see if it is abnormal, damaged or malfunctioning in some way. For example, a growth may prevent the passage of food and waste through the gut, or fatty deposits may cause problems with blood...

...workings of life in stunning colours. By tagging molecules with fluorescent markers, we can track proteins inside cells, follow the spread of disease, or even watch neurons communicate in real time. It’s like turning on the lights in a dark room and discovering not just objects, but activity, interaction, and purpose. This course will explore how this glowing frontier...