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...out-of-focus light, using a pinhole and laser scanning system. This allows for the capture of a series of optical sections – thin, focused slices – at different depths within a specimen. These images form a z-stack (Figure 15b), which computer software can reconstruct into a highly detailed three-dimensional (3D) image of the cell or tissue (Figure 15c). This is...

...out its downstream signalling function. Common ways of modulating a protein’s activity are by covalent modification and allosteric regulation. One of the most commonly encountered forms of covalent protein modification in signalling pathways is phosphorylation. Protein kinases catalyse the transfer of the terminal (γ) phosphate of ATP to a tyrosine, serine or threonine...

...out of the development life cycle. No user manuals – were they asked for as part of the requirements? If they were then see the answer to (2). If they weren’t part of the requirements, then such a basic omission should have been identified at the requirements gathering – user documentation should be considered as a standard requirement for any new system. There are...