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...carbon dioxide; (b) The cells use the oxygen to generate energy in the mitochondria. Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product. Recent research has shown that some elite endurance runners have an increase in a bacterial species called Veillonella. This species is thought to increase the amount of lactate that the athlete can tolerate, which in turn is linked to the...

...carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. To enable cellular components such as organelles to be viewed, the sections must first be 'stained' to increase contrast. However, unlike light microscopy, which uses coloured stains that absorb light, in TEM, the stains contain heavy metals, such as lead and uranium. These are large atoms that prevent electrons passing straight through the...

...carbon content within less than one year whilst at the same time having no toxic properties. In our labs, we’re working in partnership with DEFRA and a UK polymer company to undertake a series of biodegradability and ecotoxicology experiments and tests. To do this, we use instruments, such as this respirometer, which measures the breakdown of plastic materials through...

...carbon source of V. atypica. Autoinducer secretion is also important for S. gordonii and Porphyromonas gingivalis in the formation of mixed biofilm communities that provide mutual protection...General principles of cellular communication: 1.2 Summary of Section 1 - To survive and adapt, cells need to both sense their environment and communicate with each other. An...