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...Solar System. Although conditions on other planets and bodies in space look inhospitable, ingredients that could host life might be present. If life exists in any of the worlds we hope to explore, conscientious mission teams cannot leave its protection to chance. We know life is found on Earth in the most extreme conditions and terrestrial hitch-hikers can survive space...

...Solar System exploration, in which Jupiter’s enigmatic ocean moon Europa will be front and centre. Here we look at what two upcoming missions hope to achieve and why this is important for space scientists and astrobiologists...Europa was first glimpsed up-close by the Pioneer and Voyager probes in the 1970s, but it wasn’t until the Galileo mission in the 1990s and...

...solar system, and how it can be modelled mathematically appreciate the difficulties inherent in predicting chaotic systems, like weather forecasting. The Open University would really appreciate a few minutes of your time to tell us about yourself and your expectations for the course before you begin, in our optional start-of-course survey. Participation will be completely...

...Energies of approximately 10kWh m-3 and thermal efficiencies of 85–90% can be achieved. There are three commonly used plasma systems. Manufacture An alternative to flame cutting, laser cutting, electrical discharge wire cutting and abrasive jet cutting. Used mainly for profile cutting of metal sheets and slabs up to 200 mm thick, but can also be used for cutting,...

...energy. An electrolyte medium separates the tool (cathode) from the electrically conductive metal workpiece (anode), creating an electrolytic cell. A high amperage, low voltage current is passed through the cell, selectively dissolving away the material to be removed. Produces distortionless, burr-free components with an excellent surface finish in hard,