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...energy that might support life. If life was found there it might even indicate a second genesis of life in addition to life on Earth. However, there is only so much that a single space mission can accomplish, especially since Europa Clipper and JUICE are orbiters. So, it is likely that these moons will be targets for other missions in the future. It is therefore critical...

...energy regulation, and even complex conditions such as Autism and Alzheimer’s disease as well as inflammatory conditions. Inflammation is how the body naturally reacts to infection. It is a protective mechanism designed to help the body heal and combat harmful invaders. Inflammation is a complex process that involves the activation of immune cells leading to...

...energy from chemical reactions made possible by the discharge of hot chemically enriched fluids through vents on the floor of an ocean capped by a thick layer of ice. Note that 'ice' does not necessarily mean just frozen water. In the outer Solar System, although H2O is usually the dominant component, ice can incorporate other frozen volatiles such as NH3, CO2, CO, CH4...