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...c. Dies are water-cooled to optimise directional solidification with automatic die temperature control. Total Acurad cycle time is about the same for conventional die casting. The increased fill time is offset by the reduced solidification time. Lower pressures are used for Acurad than with die casting: Acurad 35–100 MPa ​die casting 70–140 MPa Reduced operating...

...in water (although oil is sometimes used for finishing). The slurry is kept at 2–5˚C using a cooler. Common tool materials are mild steel, monel, 521100 steel and molybdenum, and are chosen for their toughness and ductility, rather than their hardness. Surface damage should be avoided as it leads to premature fatigue failure. Tools are brazed, soldered or mechanically fastened to the tool holder, and the tool tip force ......

...C) and low alloy steels containing 1% Cr, 1.5—4.0% Ni, 0.30—0.50% Mo and 0.60% Mn are all readily hot forged in open dies (this includes carburising steels). The majority of aluminium alloys are hot forged with little problem; including the aluminium/magnesium/silicon series (6000) and the aluminium/copper-based alloys (2000). Titanium alloy ingots are initially hot...

...C. A vacuum is created below the heated sheet in the mould cavity. Atmospheric pressure pushes down the sheet into the mould. Areas of the sheet reaching the mould last are usually the thinnest. Moulds are made of wood, metal, plastic or plaster. Excellent reproduction of mould details is achieved. Tooling is relatively inexpensive. Process can be automatically controlled...