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...carbon dioxide, some inorganic materials from the soil, and light energy. Similarly a human baby grows into an adult by digesting and metabolising food and drink. The parents in each case pass to their progeny, or offspring, the information and specification for building cells from materials around them. This information lies in the genetic material, or DNA, which is...

...carbon atoms do not have time to form the equilibrium phase, cementite, instead causing the austenite to undergo a shear transformation to martensite, preventing the movement of dislocations, hardening the metal and making it brittle. * Raw material: Unprocessed feedstock. Anything that can be sourced and, often together with other raw materials, converted into a product....

...carbon, oxygen and others are made in the cores of stars during stellar nucleosynthesis, then dispersed into the wider Universe when stars die. The material in the Universe that we can actually see, or detect directly by virtue of the electromagnetic radiation that it emits or absorbs, comprises components such as galaxies, stars, planets, gas and dust. These visible...

...carbon emissions associated with our current lifestyle, and the ongoing and unprecedented climate change associated with it, provide a clear example of a complex situation where there is widespread agreement about several actions that would be systemically desirable. Nonetheless, we collectively stick to a course of action that is expected to lead to catastrophe because...