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...energy costs and oxidation. Mechanical crank or friction screw presses with load ratings 500–14,000 tons used. Hydraulic presses used for aluminium alloy forgings with rating of 750–65,000 tons. Production rates vary with size of forging and degree of automation: crank presses with auto-transfer 300–600 parts h-1 hot formers (e.g. Hatebur) totally enclosed dies...

...energy for process. (Sulphuric acid and ammonium hydroxide added to control pH to 4.5–5.0). Manufacture: Production line consists of the following stages: alkaline soak or electroclean cold or warm water rinse acid pickle rinse electroless plate Additional pre-treatment is needed to produce a catalytic surface (Pd, Rh, Ag, Au, Ni, Fe, Co, Ru, Al) for plating copper,...

...energy to sew anymore? But, what if we did take the time? What if we could keep wearing that cozy jumper our gran knitted for us? Or fix our favourite dress instead of watching it head off to landfill? What if that expensive winter coat just needed a patch or a new zip, and we gave it a second life? Mending lets us keep the clothes that matter Mending clothes lets us keep...

...energy saving in addition to time saving. The most exciting reason is the added dimension given to design. For instance, internal structures and features that were formerly impossible can be realised. Furthermore, components that would usually have been made from several parts can be created in a single process. Obviously the financial or environmental implications of a...