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...energy saving. Casting machines are expensive, come in a wide variety of designs, and take up more floor space than gravity die casting machines. Automatic cycling and casting removal are possible, enabling an unskilled operator to cope with more than one machine, thus giving a 10–20% increase in production rate. Production rates depend largely on size and complexity of...

...energy. [Images to demonstrate 'Laser surface treatment' - see article] Materials: Transformation hardening Restricted to cast iron, plain carbon and alloy steels. Cooling rates are usually well to the left of the “nose” of the T.T.T. hardenability curve, enabling “low hardenability” plain carbon steels to be surface hardened. When hardening pearlitic cast irons,...

...Energy requirement is about half that of conventional sand casting. Steel castings have been shown to be 15–20% cheaper than comparable sand castings. Cost of gravity die castings is comparable with other casting processes (see diagram). Typical products include cylinder heads, wheel hubs and pistons (non-ferrous), crankshafts, disc-brake parts and hydraulic components...

...energy trapped within the materials, this is often the best option for highly contaminated plastics. A better solution to waste plastics, if simple reuse isn’t practical, is to recycle the plastic materials. This is often so-called materials recycling where the plastic is separated, shredded and re-melted to form a new product. Alternatively if appropriate the plastic...

...energy while relaxing with their video games. Nintendo first attempted to directly map what we do with our hands on screen nearly 30 years ago with the 1989 release of Mattel’s Power Glove for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It detected the rotation and position of your hand and whether or not your hand was clenched. In theory, people tend to like direct...

...energy nuclei originating from the depths of space) that strike atoms in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. If the number of muons liberated in the upper atmosphere is measured at the top of a mountain, then knowing the lifetime of a muon and the fact that they are travelling close to the speed of light, it’s possible to calculate the proportion of muons that should...